ForceSwitch Mac OS

If you are using the Boot Camp utility or another Windows emulator on your MacBook, you will need to switch between your Mac OS X and Windows systems. There are three methods of switching back and forth between your Mac OS X partition and your Windows partition: From within Mac OS X Lion: To restart. Force Quit Apps With The Apple Dialog Box. One of the easiest ways to close unresponsive apps on. Use Command-Tab and Command-Shift-Tab to cycle forward and backward through your open. Perform these steps on the remote Mac to be controlled: Start System Preferences; Click Sharing; Check 'Screen Sharing' This Mac will now display in the Finder of other Macs on the local network. On the 'controlling' Mac: Open the Finder; Select the remote Mac in the SHARED section; Click on 'Share Screen' Enter the password for the remote Mac. This will disable GPU switching and force the MacBook Pro to use the higher powered discrete graphics card rather than the integrated GPU. Go to the  Apple menu and choose “System Preferences” and then go to “Energy” control panel Uncheck the box next to “Automatic graphics switching”.

Acronyms

The following acronyms are used in the discussion about Ethernetring protection switching (ERPS):

MA—Maintenance association
MEP—Maintenance association end point
OAM—Operations, administration, and management (Ethernetring protection switching uses connectivity fault management daemon)
FDB—MAC forwarding database Microsoft minecraft edition.
STP—Spanning Tree Protocol
RAPS—Ring automatic protection switching
WTB—Wait to block. Note that WTB is always disabledon EX2300 and EX3400 switches because it is not supported in ERPSv1.Any configuration you make to the WTB setting on EX2300 and EX3400switches has no effect. The output from the CLI command 'show protection-groupethernet-ring node-state detail' lists a WTB setting but that settinghas no effect on EX2300 and EX3400 switches.
WTR—Wait to restore. Note that on EX2300 and EX3400switches only, the WTR configuration must be 5-12 minutes.
RPL—Ring protection link

Ring Nodes

Multiple nodes are used to form a ring. There are two differentnode types:

Normal node—The node has no special role on thering.
RPL owner node—The node owns the RPL and blocksor unblocks traffic over the RPL.

Ring Node States

The following are the different states for each node of a specificring:

init—Not a participant of a specific ring.
idle—No failure on the ring; the node is performingnormally. For a normal node, traffic is unblocked on both ring ports.For the RPL owner or RPL neighbor, traffic is blocked on the ringport that connects to the RPL and unblocked on the other ring port.
protection—A failure occurred on the ring. For anormal node, traffic is blocked on the ring port that connects tothe failing link and unblocked on working ring ports. For the RPLowner, traffic is unblocked on both ring ports if they connect tonon-failure links.
pending—The node is recovering from failure or itsstate after a clear command is used to remove the previousmanual command. When a protection group is configured, the node entersthe pending state. When a node is in pending state, the WTR or WTBtimer will be running. All nodes are in pending state till WTR orWTB timer expiry. Casino moons login.
force switch—A force switch is issued. When a forceswitch is issued on a node in the ring all nodes in the ring willmove into the force switch state.
Note:
EX2300 and EX3400 switches do not support manual switch.

There can be only one RPL owner for each ring. The user configurationmust guarantee this, because the APS protocol cannot check this.

Default Logging of Basic State Transitions on EX Series Switches

Starting with JunosOS Release 14.1X53-D15, EX Series switches automatically log basicstate transitions for the ERPS protocol. Starting with Junos OS Release 18.2R1, EX2300 andEX3400 switches automatically log basic state transitions for theERPS protocol. No configuration is requiredto initiate this logging. Basic state transitions include ERPS interfacetransitions from up to down, and down to up; and ERPS state transitionsfrom idle to protection, and protection to idle.

What is the come line in craps. The basic state transitions are logged in a single file named erp-default, which resides in the /var/log directory of the switch. The maximum sizeof this file is 15 MB.

Default logging for ERPS can capture initial ERPS interfaceand state transitions, which can help you troubleshoot issues thatoccur early in the ERPS protocol startup process. However, if morerobust logging is needed, you can enable traceoptions for ERPS byentering the traceoptions statement in the [edit protocolsprotection-group] hierarchy.

Be aware that for ERPS, only default logging or traceoptionscan be active at a time on the switch. That is, default logging forERPS is automatically enabled and if you enable traceoptions for ERPS,the switch automatically disables default logging. Conversely, ifyou disable traceoptions for ERPS, the switch automatically enablesdefault logging.

Logical Ring

You can define multiple logical-ring instances on the same physicalring. The logical ring feature currently supports only the physicalring, which means that two adjacent nodes of a ring must be physicallyconnected and the ring must operate on the physical interface, notthe VLAN. Multiple ring instances are usually defined with trunk modering interfaces.

FDB Flush

When ring protection switching occurs, normally an FDB flush is executed. The Ethernet ring control moduleuses the same mechanism as the STP to trigger the FDB flush. The Ethernetring control module controls the ring port physical interface's defaultSTP index to execute the FDB flush.

Note:

Beavis and butthead free. Optimized flushing is not supported on EX2300 and EX3400 switches.

Starting with Junos OSRelease 14.2, the FDB flush depends on the RAPS messages receivedon the both the ports of the ring node.

Traffic Blocking and Forwarding

Ethernet ring control uses the same mechanism as the STP tocontrol forwarding or discarding of user traffic. The Ethernet ringcontrol module sets the ring port physical interface default STP indexstate to forwarding or discarding in order to control user traffic.

RPL Neighbor Node

Starting with Junos OSRelease 14.2, ring protection link neighbor nodes are supported. An RPL neighbor node is adjacent to the RPL and is not the RPL owner.If a node is configured with one interface as the protection-link-endand no protection-link-owner is present in its configuration, thenode is an RPL neighbor node.

Note:

RPL neighbor node is not supported on EX2300 and EX3400 switches.

RAPS Message Blocking and Forwarding

The router or switch treats the ring automatic protection switching(RAPS) message the same as it treats user traffic for forwarding RAPSmessages between two ring ports. The ring port physical interfacedefault STP index state also controls forwarding RAPS messages betweenthe two ring ports. Other than forwarding RAPS messages between thetwo ring ports, as shown in Figure 1, the systemalso needs to forward the RAPS message between the CPU (Ethernet ringcontrol module) and the ring port. This type of forwarding does notdepend on the ring port physical interfaces’ STP index state.The RAPS message is always sent by the router or switch through thering ports, as shown in Figure 2. A RAPS messagereceived from a discarding ring port is sent to the Ethernet ringcontrol module, but is not sent to the other ring port.

Figure 1: ProtocolPackets from the Network to the Router

Figure 2: ProtocolPackets from the Router or Switch to the Network

Juniper Networks switches and Juniper Networks routers use differentmethods to achieve these routes.

The switches use forwarding database entries to direct the RAPSmessages. The forwarding database entry (keyed by the RAPS multicastaddress and VLAN) has a composite next hop associated with it—thecomposite next hop associates the two ring interfaces with the forwardingdatabase entry and uses the split horizon feature to prevent sendingthe packet out on the interface that it is received on. This is anexample of the forwarding database entry relating to the RAPS multicastMAC (a result of the show ethernet-switching table detail command):

The routers use an implicit filter to achieve ERP routes. Eachimplicit filter binds to a bridge domain. Therefore, the east ringport control channel and the west ring port control channel of a particularring instance must be configured to the same bridge domain. For eachring port control channel, a filter term is generated to control RAPSmessage forwarding. The filter number is the same as the number ofbridge domains that contain the ring control channels. If a bridgedomain contains control channels from multiple rings, the filter relatedto this bridge domain will have multiple terms and each term willrelate to a control channel. The filter has command parts and control-channelrelated parts, as follows:

Common terms:
Control channel related terms:

Dedicated Signaling Control Channel

For each ring port, a dedicated signaling control channel witha dedicated VLAN ID must be configured. In Ethernet ring configuration,only this control logical interface is configured and the underlying physical interface is the physicalring port. Each ring requires that two control physical interfacesbe configured. These two logical interfaces must be configured ina bridge domain for routers (or the same VLAN for switches) in orderto forward RAPS protocol data units (PDUs) between the two ring controlphysical interfaces. If the router control channel logical interfaceis not a trunk port, only control logical interfaces will be configuredin ring port configuration. If this router control channel logicalinterface is a trunk port, in addition to the control channel logicalinterfaces, a dedicated VLAN ID must be configured for routers. Forswitches, always specify either a VLAN name or VLAN ID for all links.

RAPS Message Termination

The RAPS message starts from the originating node, travels throughthe entire ring, and terminates in the originating node unless a failureis present in the ring. The originating node must drop the RAPS messageif the source MAC address in the RAPS message belongs to itself. Thesource MAC address is the node's node ID.

Revertive and Non-revertive Modes

In revertive operation, once the condition causing a switchhas cleared, traffic is blocked on the RPL and restored to the workingtransport entity. In nonrevertive operation, traffic is allowed touse the RPL if it has not failed, even after a switch condition hascleared.

Note:

Non-revertive mode is not supported on EX2300 and EX3400 switches.

Multiple Rings

The Ethernet ring control module supports multiple rings ineach node (two logical interfaces are part of each ring). The ringcontrol module also supports the interconnection of multiple rings.Interconnection of two rings means that two rings might share thesame link or share the same node. Ring interconnection is supportedonly using non-virtual-channel mode. Ring interconnection using virtualchannel mode is not supported.

Note:

Interconnection of multiple rings is not supported on EX2300and EX3400 switches.

Node ID

For each node in the ring, a unique node ID identifies each node. The node ID is the node's MAC address.

For routers only, you can configure this node ID when configuringthe ring on the node or automatically select an ID like STP does.In most cases, you will not configure this and the router will selecta node ID, like STP does. It should be the manufacturing MAC address.The ring node ID should not be changed, even if you change the manufacturingMAC address. Any MAC address can be used if you make sure each nodein the ring has a different node ID. The node ID on switches is selectedautomatically and is not configurable.

Ring ID

The ring ID is used to determine the value of the last octetof the MAC destination address field of the RAPS protocol data units(PDUs) generated by the ERP control process. The ring ID is also usedto discard any RAPS PDU, received by this ERP control process witha non-matching ring ID. Ring ID values 1 through 239 are supported.

Bridge Domains with the Ring Port (MX Series Routers Only)

On the routers, the protection group is seen as an abstractlogical port that can be configured to any bridge domain. Therefore,if you configure one ring port or its logical interface in a bridgedomain, you must configure the other related ring port or its logicalinterface to the same bridge domain. The bridge domain that includesthe ring port acts as any other bridge domain and supports the IRBLayer 3 interface.

Wait-to-Block Timer

The RPL owner node uses a delay timer before initiating an RPLblock in revertive mode of operation or before reverting to IDLE stateafter clearing manual commands. The Wait-to-Block (WTB) timer is usedwhen clearing force switch and manual switch commands. As multiple force switch commands are allowedto coexist in an Ethernet ring, the WTB timer ensures that clearingof a single force switch command does not trigger the re-blockingof the RPL. When clearing a manual switch command, theWTB timer prevents the formation of a closed loop due to a possibletiming anomaly where the RPL Owner Node receives an outdated remote manual switch request during the recovery process.

When recovering from a manual switch command, thedelay timer must be long enough to receive any latent remote force switch, signal failure, or manual switch commands.This delay timer is called the WTB timer and is defined to be 5 secondslonger than the guard timer. This delay timer is activated on theRPL Owner Node. When the WTB timer expires, the RPL Owner Node initiatesthe reversion process by transmitting an RAPS (NR, RB) message. TheWTB timer is deactivated when any higher-priority request preemptsit.

Note:

The Wait To Block Timer (WTB) is always disabled on EX2300 andEX3400 switches because it is not supported in ERPSv1. Any configurationyou make to the WTB setting has no effect. The output from the CLIcommand 'show protection-group ethernet-ring node-state detail' listsa WTB setting but that setting has no effect.

Adding and Removing a Node